Germany

Voters cast two votes: one for a constituency MP (FPTP) and one for a party list. Additional seats ensure proportional representation. Since a 2023 reform the Bundestag is capped at 630 seats. Coalition governments are the norm.

Turnout shown is the share of registered voters, 2025 federal election (Federal Returning Officer). Figures are curated from official election commission reports and International IDEA, and the year shows which election they refer to. See how Germany ranks in the turnout table, read how each voting system works, or compare all countries.